Part 3
Road: Races

3A Overview

3A.1 Definition

Road races are long distance races held on paved roads or paved bicycle paths. This definition includes both fixed-distance and free-distance races, and different formats such as mass start races, time-trials and criterium

3A.2 Rider Summary

This section is intended as an overview of the rules, but does not substitute for the actual rules.

You must wear shoes, gloves, and helmet.
Personal music systems are not allowed for any races on public roads where there may be motorized traffic.
Water and food stations are at the discretion of the host.
Road racing events have wheel size, crank length, and gearing requirements that you need to be aware of.
Road races are often run in two classes: standard and unlimited.
Be aware of the rules regarding false starts, passing, dismounts, and illegal riding, repair or replacement of a unicycle, and protests.
There may be a race cut-off time, as communicated by the host.

3B Competitor Rules

3B.1 General Road Racing Rules

3B.1.1 Safety

Riders must wear shoes, gloves and a helmet (see definitions in chapter 1D.1). Knee pads and elbow pads are suggested optional safety gear.

Personal music systems are not allowed for any races on public roads where there may be motorized traffic.

Water and food are the responsibility of the rider. It is recommended riders carry their own water on races longer than 10k. Hosts may offer food and water stations at their discretion.

3B.1.2 Unicycles

Riders may use different unicycles for different road events, as long as they comply with rules for the events in which they are entered.
Unicycle racing is divided into two categories: standard and unlimited. In the standard category, unicycles have a standardised wheel size and fixed transmission. The recognised classes in the standard category are the 16 class, 20 class, 24 class and 29 class. In the unlimited category unicycles are not-standardised by wheel size. The recognised class in the unlimited category is the unlimited class.

There is an allowable tire diameter range, minimum crank arm length and transmission for each unicycle class:

Unicycle Class	Diameter Range	Min Crank Length	Transmission
16 Class	0 – 418mm	89mm	regular
20 Class	more than 418mm – 518mm	100mm	regular
24 Class	more than 518mm – 618mm	125mm	regular
29 Class	more than 618mm – 778mm	No limit	regular
Unlimited Class	No limit	No limit	unlimited

For Unicon and continental championships, both standard and unlimited competition categories are mandatory for time-trials, criterium and fixed/free-distance races. For smaller regional and national championship events, the two competition categories are strongly recommended. Exceptions apply (see section 3B.2.4.1 )
For fixed/free distance races:
1. If the distance is greater than 10km, the standard category is the 29 Class, and the Unlimited category is the Unlimited Class.
2. If the distance is 10km or less, the standard category is the 24 Class and the unlimited category is the unlimited class. For age group competition, there should be a 20 Class for riders under 11 years old. The youngest age group for 24 Class wheels should have a minimum age of 0, so riders 10 years and younger also have the option of racing in the 24 Class (e.g. 0-8 on 20 Class, 9-10 on 20 Class, 0-13 on 24 Class).
For time-trials, the standard category is the 29 class and for the unlimited category is the unlimited class. For criterium, the standard category is the 24 class and the unlimited category the unlimited class.
A unicycle can be ridden if it is smaller than the class in which it is entered (e.g. 20 Class unicycle is allowed in a 24 Class race). However, if a race is over 20km, 24 Class and smaller unicycles are not permitted unless exempted by the race director.
Unicycles must be checked for compliance within their wheel class (wheel diameter, crank length and gearing), with the tire pressure that will be used in the race. Preferably, this check is carried out immediately before the race. Crank arm length is measured from the center of the wheel axle to the center of the pedal axle. Longer sizes may be used.

3B.1.3 Rider Identification

3B.1.3.1 Race Numbers

Riders must wear their race number so that it is clearly visible during the race and when crossing the finish line. The recommended position for the start number is on the back. Organizers may provide special race numbers for the helmet, arms or hips, so that the riders can be identified from the side during the race.

Riders must use the officially provided race number unmodified in any manner. Numbers should not be folded, trimmed, or otherwise defaced. Referee approval must be sought to modify a race number if it cannot otherwise be attached securely due to hydration pack, rider physique or posture when riding. Lost or damaged race numbers must be replaced with approval by referee.

3B.1.3.2 Chips for Electronic Timing

Riders may be required to wear an electronic timing chip, as specified by the timing personnel. This chip may be attached, among other methods, as a disposable tag to the race number, which may have to be worn on the chest.

3B.1.4 Riders Must Be Ready

Riders must be ready when called for their races. Riders not at the start line when their race begins may lose their chance to participate. The Starter will decide when to stop waiting, remembering to consider language barriers, and the fact that some riders may be slow because they are helping run the convention.

3B.1.5 Protests

Protests must be filed on an official form. Mistakes in paperwork, inaccuracies in placing, and interference from other riders or other sources are all grounds for protests. All Referee decisions are final, and cannot be protested.
The default protest time (counting from the posting of results) depends on the type of event and the time after the competition within the results are published. The default protest time can be extended or shortend up to the minimum by the Race Director. Every deviation from the default protest time has to be clearly announced when the results are posted, including stating the protest deadline on the results list itself. The protest time may be extended for riders who have to be in other races during the protest period.
1. For a large event such as Unicon or continental championships, for all results published within 90 minutes after the end of the competiotion, the default protest time is 120 minutes, the minimum is 30 minutes. For results published more than 90 minutes after the end of the competition but before 8 p.m. of the same day, the minimum protest time is 120 minutes. For all results published after 8 p.m. on the same day or on another day, the protest deadline is 12 p.m. (noon time) on the day after publication.
2. For smaller events, for all results published within 90 minutes after the end of the competition, the default protest time is 60 minutes, the minimum is 15 minutes. For results published more than 90 minutes after the end of the competition, the minimum protest time is 60 minutes.
All protests will be acknowledged within 30 minutes from the time they are received, and an effort will be made to settle the issue within those 30 minutes.

3B.2 Road Racing Disciplines

3B.2.1 Fixed Distance Races

Fixed Distance Races are drafting races, with a wave or mass start, where riders races against each other over a defined and precisely measured distance.
The officiall recognized distances are
1. 10 km
2. Marathon (42.195 km)

3B.2.2 Free Distance Races

Free Distance Races are drafting races, with a wave or mass start, where riders race against each other in a non-recognized fixed distance.
A Free Distance Race can be any race with a distance that is greater or lesser than 3 % from an officially recognized Fixed Distance. For Free Distance Races longer than a Marathon, a mass start is preferred.
The approximate distance of the race must be announced at the time of registration, to help riders plan and prepare accordingly.
There is no requirement for the course of a Free Distance Race to be officially measured. However, once the final course has been confirmed, the distance must be communicated to riders with at least kilometer-level precision. Organizers are encouraged to share a GPS track of the confirmed course whenever possible.

3B.2.3 Criterium

A Criterium is a short drafting race with distances of about 5 km to 10 km. It can be held around city block(s) or within a large parking lot. The courses should have left and right turns and multiple laps with a recommended lap length of 500 m to 1000 m.
A Criterium can be run in one of the following two variants:
1. As a set distance criterium, where all riders will complete the same number of laps.
2. As a time-based criterium, in which all riders ride one more lap after a set time and then everyone finishes the race.

3B.2.3.1 Set Distance Criterium

The number of laps should be three to ten laps and must be announced clearly to riders before the start of the race.
Each rider is responsible for counting their laps; organizers are not responsible for riders who do not finish the race due to not completing the required number of laps.

3B.2.3.2 Time-Based Criterium

Using the time from the top rider’s first two laps, the referee will determine how many laps could be completed in the desired time limit. From this point on, the number of remaining laps (for the leaders) will be displayed and this will be used to determine when finish of the race occurs. A bell will be rung with one lap to go.
Lapped riders in the race will all finish on the same lap as the leader and will be placed according to the number of laps they are down and then their position at the finish.

3B.2.4 Individual Time Trial

An Individual Time Trial is a non-drafting race, with an individual start for each rider, where each rider races against the clock.
An Individual Time Trial can be run in one of the following two variants, either as part of an official unicycling competition or as independent events, such as record attempts:
1. As a distance-based time trial, in which a given distance is completed as fast as possible.
2. As a time-based time trial, in which the greatest possible distance is completed in a fixed amount of time.

3B.2.4.1 Distance-based Time Trials

These events may be held either during an official competition or independently, including for official record purposes.
1. In official competitions, there is no fixed distance requirement for time trial course. Organizers may choose any course length that fits the format of their event. It is recommended to use a point-to-point course without loops, in order to minimize interactions between participants. The course should allow riders to overtake safely with sufficient space over most of the course.
  1. Riders must start one by one at fixed intervals, typically every 20 to 30 seconds. The starting order should be based on estimated performance, with slower riders starting first and faster riders starting later.
  2. The organizer may choose between brutto timing (elapsed time from the official start time of each rider) or netto timing (measured using a chip or electronic device triggered upon crossing the start line).
  3. If a 10 km fixed-distance course is used for a 24″ Standard race, it may also be used for a time trial. Two options are possible:
    1. Preferred option: Hold the 24″ Standard fixed-distance race on a different day. This allows the time trial to be held with both 29″ Standard and Unlimited categories.
    2. Alternative option: If it is not possible to separate the events across different days, the time trial may include only an Unlimited category and should take place just before or after the 24″ Standard race on the same course.
2. For time trials held outside of official competitions, such as those organized for the purpose of record attempts, it is recommended to use a closed course on a road or track. The course must be measured and verified in accordance with the WR guidelines.
Official formats recognized for the purpose of establishing official records are
1. 10 km time trials and
2. 100 km time trials and
3. 100 miles time trials.

3B.2.4.2 Time-based Time Trials

Time-based Time Trials must take place on a closed circuit, either on a road or a track. The course must be designed so that the start and finish occur at the exact same location. These events are not held as part of official competitions, but are recognized for the purpose of establishing official records.
Official formats recognized for the purpose of establishing official records are
1. 1-hour time trials and
2. 24-hour time trials.

3B.2.5 Hill Climb

A Hill Climb is a unicycle road race held on a sustained uphill course, designed to test the riders’ climbing ability rather than their top speed on flat or descending terrain.
A Hill Climb must take place in a region with appropriate topography, featuring a continuous ascent over several kilometers. Flat or downhill sections should be avoided, especially at the start and the end of the course. A flat section may be used if required for a safe and practical race start. The course must either have an average gradient of at least 6 %, or a total elevation gain of at least 850 meters.
There is no fixed maximum distance for a Climbing Road Race. The course length should be determined based on local topography, aiming for meaningful and challenging durations. Organizers are encouraged to consider a minimum distance of 5 km.
If topography allows, organizers may offer two course options: a longer “Expert” course and a shorter “Beginner” course. Both courses should follow the same climb whenever possible.
The majority of the course must be on paved road surfaces. Short unpaved sections are allowed only if they are smooth and rideable. The entire course must be rideable by elite riders without requiring dismounts due to excessive steepness or technical difficulty.
Intentionally running to gain time is not permitted.
A Hill Climb is a single unlimited-category competition, meaning that all riders, including standard category, start together in the same race without separation by unicycle category. When the event is held at an UNICON, additional awards shall be given to the top three males and top three females using 29″ standard unicycles.

3B.3 Racing Rules

3B.3.1 The Start

Riders start with the fronts of their tires (forward most part of wheel) behind the edge of the starting line that is farthest from the finish line.
1. With an individual start, the rider may start mounted, holding onto a starting post or other support. The rider may place the starting post or other support in the location most comfortable for them. The rider may mount after the start signal, if they wish. The rider has to start directly behind the Start line.
2. With an heat or mass start, riders may start mounted, holding onto a starting post or other support, or onto each other. Riders may mount after the start signal, if they wish.
Rolling starts are not permitted in any race. Riders may lean before the start, but their wheels may not move forward during the start beeps or counting down. Rolling back should be avoided.
All commands of the starter are to be given in English at Unicon or international competitions. At other competitions, English is optional.
For heat or mass starts, the starter must announce the last remaining minute before the start. About 10 seconds before the start, the starter should give the command “Ready”. After the command “Ready”, all riders must move to their starting position. As soon as the Starter is satisfied that all riders are steady in the correct starting position, they gives the command “Attention” and starts the race. This can be done by a start sequence as follows:
1. Usually, a start-beep apparatus is used. This provides a six-count start: “beep – beep -beep – beep – beep – buup!”. The timing between (the start of) successive beeps is one second. The first five beeps have all the same sound frequency. The final tone (buup) has a higher frequency, so that the competitors can easily distinguish this tone from the rest. The proper moment to start is the beginning of the final tone.
2. As an alternative, the Starter will give a three-count start before firing a starting gun on the fourth count. Example: “One, two, three, BANG!”. The time between (the start of) each of these elements must be the same, and should approximately 1 second.
Both variants allow the rider to start leaning ahead of the “buup/BANG”, for an exact and predictable start. It is recommended to use one or the other of those two options for all races in a competition if possible. The option to be used must be announced in advance of the competition.
If the Starter is not satisfied that all is ready for the start to proceed after they gave the command “Ready” and the riders are on their starting position or they otherwise abort the start, the command should be “Go Back”. If a start-beep apparatus is used and the start sequence is already started the start should be aborted by blowing a whistle or other clear and predefined signal. Where a rider in the judgement of the Starter, after the command “Ready”,
1. causes the start to be aborted, for instance by dismounting, without a valid reason (such reason to be evaluated by the Starter); or
2. does not place themselves in their final starting position at once and without delay; or
3. disturbs other riders in the race through sound, movement or otherwise,
the Starter must abort the start. The Starter may warn the rider for improper conduct (disqualify in case of repeated infringement of the Rule). However, when an extraneous reason was considered to be the cause for aborting the start, or the Referee does not agree with the Starters decision, no rider gets warned or disqualified. This decision must be clearly indicated to the riders.

3B.3.1.1 False Start

A false start occurs if a rider’s wheel moves forward before the start signal.
If a heat has to be restarted, the Starter will immediately recall the riders, for example by blowing a whistle or any other clear and predefined signal. Any warning or disqualification resulting from this must be clearly indicated to the riders in question.
There are three options on how to deal with false starts:
1. One False Start Allowed Per Heat: The use of this option is strongly discouraged when no electronic false start monitoring system is used. In case of a false start, the heat is restarted. After the first false start of a particular heat, all riders receive a warning and may start again. Thereafter, any rider(s) causing a false start are disqualified for this event. Only the earliest false starting rider gets assigned this false start and the associated disqualification.
2. One False Start Allowed Per Rider: In case of a false start, the heat is restarted. After the first false start of a particular rider in a heat, the rider in question receives a warning and may start again. Any rider(s) causing their personal second false start are disqualified for this event. Only the earliest false starting rider gets assigned this false start and the associated warning or disqualification.
3. Time Penalty: In case of a false start, the heat is not restarted. If a false start occurs by one or multiple riders, these riders receive a time penalty (such as 10 seconds).
It is recommended to use one or the other of those three options for all races in a competition if possible. The option to be used must be announced in advance of the competition.

3B.3.2 The Race

3B.3.2.1 Illegal Riding

Illegal riding includes intentionally interfering in any way with another rider, deliberately crossing in front of another rider to prevent him or her from moving on, deliberately blocking another rider from passing, or distracting another rider with the intention of causing a dismount.

3B.3.2.2 Passing

An overtaking rider must pass on the outside, unless there is enough room to safely pass on the inside. Riders passing on the inside are responsible for any fouls that may take place as a result. No physical contact between riders is allowed. The slower rider must maintain a reasonably straight course, and not interfere with the faster rider.

3B.3.2.3 Dismounts

Dismounting and remounting is allowed. If a rider is forced to dismount due to a fall by the rider immediately in front, it is considered part of the race, and both riders should remount and continue.

3B.3.2.4 Repair, Change, or Replace a (Broken) Unicycle

Riders are allowed to modify or adjust their unicycle during the race. Assistance from others is permitted at any time, including tools and hands-on help.
Replacement of the unicycle or wheel is permitted only in the event of mechanical problems or damage. The replacement unicycle must belong to the same category as the original and should ideally have same characteristics (wheel size, crank length, hub). The Referee must confirm that the situation was unplanned and was indeed accidental.
The rider may continue the course on foot (walking, not running) with the broken unicycle. If they leave the course, they must reenter the course at or before the point where they exited from the course. While off-course, they may run or use any form of transportation.

3B.3.2.5 Drafting

Drafting is riding close behind another rider or vehicle to reduce air resistance and benefit from the slipstream. It is considered drafting when the distance is less than 5 meters front/back or 1.5 meters laterally.
In all road races drafting behind non-unicyclist participants, non-participants and vehicles is prohibited at all times. Additinally in all
1. non-drafting races, drafting behind other unicyclist participants is forbidden at any time.
2. drafting races, drafting between unicyclist participants in the same race is permitted unless otherwise specified in the event rules.
Race officials may evaluate drafting infractions based on rider behavior, timing, and positioning.

3B.3.3 The Finish

Finish times are determined when the front of the tire first crosses the vertical plane of the nearest edge of the finish line.

Riders are always timed by their wheels, not by outstretched bodies. If riders do not cross the line in control, they are awarded a 5 second penalty to their time. “Control” is defined by the front of the wheel crossing the vertical finish plane (as defined above) with the rider having both feet on the pedals. (Note: a rider is not considered in control if the unicycle crosses the finish line independent of the rider. The finish time is still measured by when the wheel crosses the vertical finish plane and the 5 second penalty is applied.)

In the case where a rider is finishing with a broken unicycle, the rider must bring at minimum the wheel to the finish line, and time is still taken when the wheel crosses the finish line. The 5 second penalty is applied.

3C Judges and Officials Rules

3C.1 Racing Officials

3C.1.1 Race Director

The Race Director is the head organizer and administrator of road race events. The Race Director is the highest authority on everything to do with the road race events, except for decisions on rules and results. With the Convention Host, the Race Director determines the course, obtains permits, interfaces with the community, and determines the system used to run the event.
The Race Director is responsible for the logistics, equipment for all road racing events.
With the Referee, the Race Director is in charge of keeping events running on schedule, and answers all questions not pertaining to rules and judging.
The Race Director is responsible for ensuring that a race briefing is held with the riders before each race, in which course-specific aspects, in particular safety aspects, are explained.

3C.1.2 Referee

The Referee is the head racing official. The referee is responsible for making sure that the competition rules are observed and for deciding on all related questions that arise during the event.
The referee has full control and authority over all judges and must instruct them on all details and regulations related to the competition.
The referee must ensure that all necessary judges are on their assigned places. The referee may replace absent, incapacitated or inadequate judges with others and may appoint additional judges. The referee shall ensure that the judges do not interfere in the competition in a biased manner.
The referee can ban persons from the competition venue for the duration of the competition, if they significantly disturb the execution of the competition.
The referee has the exclusive right to disqualify riders in case of violations of the competition rules, with the exception of violations concerning the start. Violations of the competition rules can be determined by their own observations or in reports of the responsible judges. Violations of the competition rules have to be reported to the referee with the following information: Position and name of the judge, competition, start number of the rider, as well as a clear description of the violation.

3C.1.3 Starter

The Starter starts races and calls riders back in the event of false starts. The Responsibilities follow from the text in 3B.5.2, Starting and 3B.5.3, False Starts.
If a verbal (spoken) count is used, the time between (the start of) each of these elements must be the same, and should be approximately 1 second. Starters should practice this before the races begin. Timing of the count is very important for an accurate start. This count is to be given in English at Unicon or international competitions. At other competitions, English is optional.
The Starter checks riders for correct unicycles and safety equipment and will remove from the starting line-up any riders not properly equipped to race, including riders with dangerously loose shoelaces.
The starter has to take a position for the start from which they have an unobstructed view of the riders and the start command and signal can be easily perceived by the riders.

3C.1.4 Timekeeper

The Timekeeper must be responsible for the conformity to the rules and the functioning of the timing system.
The Timekeeper supervises the timing system and if a fully automatic timing and photo finish system is used, makes sure that the camera is correctly aligned.
The Timekeeper (in conjunction with an adequate number of assistants) must determine the official times of the riders. The timekeeper must ensure that these results are correctly entered in or transferred to the competition results system.

3C.1.5 Course Judge

The Course Judge observes the adherence to the corresponding competition rules during the race. Sufficient number of Course Judges are to be appointed according to the discipline to guarantee an adequate supervision of the adherence to the rules.
The Course Judge can be assigned the task of securing the race course and directing the riders to the correct way.

3C.2 Officials Can Compete

The Referee may not compete in any competition where they may be required to make a decision. The Race Director may compete, as long as the race course has been announced early enough that the Race Director does not have an advantage from knowledge of the course.

3C.3 Consequences of Infractions

The Referee has final say on whether a rider’s safety equipment is sufficient. The Starter will remove from the starting line-up any riders not properly equipped to race, including riders with dangerously loose shoelaces.

A rider who is forced to dismount due to interference by another rider may file a protest immediately at the end of the race. Riders who intentionally interfere with other riders may receive from the Referee a warning, a loss of placement (given the next lower finishing place), disqualification from that race/event, or suspension from all races.

3D Event Organizer Rules

3D.1 Venue

Depending on the Road Racing discipline, courses are usually held on one of the following options:
1. Fixed and Free Distance Races are usually held on roadways or bike paths. It is recommended to use a point-to-point courses without loops. For Fixed Distance Races additional requirements are described in 3D.1.2.
2. Criteriums are held around city block(s) or within a large parking lot, allowing the course to have left and right turns and multiple laps with a recommended lap length of 500 m to 1000 m.
3. Distance-based Time Trials in officiall competitions are held on the same courses as Fixed and Free Distance Races. Outside of officiall competitions they can also held on the same courses as Time-based Time Trials.
4. Time-based Time Trials must take place on a closed circuit, either on a road or a track with a recommended lap length of 200 m to 1000 m.
The course must be designed with rider safety as a top priority. It should include clear signage, road barriers where necessary, and an adequate number of marshals to guide and protect participants.
The road surface should be smooth, durable, and free of hazards such as deep potholes, cracks, off-camber sections, or uneven terrain. Rough surfaces, narrow segments, and other obstacles should be avoided or adequately managed to ensure rider safety. If bicycle paths are used, they must be sufficiently wide to accommodate riders at speed and should be free of any hazards. Objects adjacent to the course—such as benches, trees, or metal posts—must be considered potential risks and properly safeguarded.
Throughout most of the course, riders must have enough space to overtake safely. This is not nesseccary for individual Time Trials outside of official competitions.

3D.1.1 Start and Finish Area for Races with Mass Start or Wave Start

The start area must be wide enough to accommodate several riders launching simultaneously in safe conditions.
It is recommended that the finish area is not downhill, as downhill finishes increase the risk of crashes. Organizers may choose to place the finish on flat or uphill terrain. The final few hundred meters of the course should be straight, with no sharp turns, to allow for safe sprint finishes.

3D.1.2 Fixed Distance Races

For any Fixed Distance Race according to 3B.2.1, it is recommended that the course complies with the requirements for IUF World Records. In short:
1. The start and finish points of the course, measured along a theoretical straight line between them, shall not be further apart than 50% of the race distance.
2. The overall decrease in elevation between the start and finish shall not exceed 1:1000, i.e. 1m per km (0.1%).
Please refer to the IUF World Records Guidelines for details.

3D.2 Officials

The host must designate the following officials for each road race:

Race Director
Referee
Starter

3D.3 Communication

The host must announce the false start method at least two months before the event.

Details of all non-track racing events, or other events with unique courses or details must be published as soon as they are known. This is to provide competitors with the information they need to train, and to help them prepare the appropriate unicycles. These are major needs for attendees from far away. Necessary details depend on the event, but include things like course length, elevation and elevation change, steepness, level of terrain difficulty, amount of turns, riding surfaces, course width, etc. Maps should be provided when possible. While sometimes courses cannot be planned until weeks or days before the convention, as soon as they are known the details must be posted to the convention web site and/or all places where convention information is posted. It is acceptable to publish tentative courses while waiting for permits to be approved, etc.

3D.4 Age Groups

Scoring will be based on age groups in accordance with rule 1C.8.

3D.5 Practice

If the course is open for practice to all riders for at least 7 days leading up to the event, then there are no restrictions on who can compete. If the course is not open for practice until the day of the event, then anyone who has pre-ridden the course is not allowed to compete. Organizers must therefore ensure that course marking and set-up are done by non-competing staff/volunteers.

3D.6 Race Configuration

Riders are usually divided by age group and unicycle type, such as 24 Class versus 29 Class unicycles, and/or Standard (a Regular Unicycle, any size wheel and cranks) versus Unlimited.

3D.7 Starting Order

The goal in determining the starting order is to sort racers fairly by speed while still making sure that men and women race amongst themselves. Unless otherwise noted below, the fastest riders start first, and also within a start group (heat or mass start), riders should be positioned in the line-up by speed with the fastest in front.
At Unicons, the Starting Order is determined based on an expected time or average speed declared by each competitor at registration. This declared value may be based on a previous race, a training session, or a personal estimate. It may be entered directly or selected from a predefined range provided during registration. Riders with the fastest expected performances will be placed in the earliest waves for wave starts, or at the front of the start line for mass starts. Riders who do not provide an expected time or speed may be placed in the last wave or at the back of the start line.
If results from a previous road race held during the same competition are available—such as a 10k before a marathon—they may also be used to help determine the starting order.
The starting order is the joint responsibility of the Race Director and the Referee.

3D.8 Starting Configuration

Line-up order and heats must be assigned prior to the race. There are three allowable formats for designating the starting configuration of a Road Race: individual start (section 3D.8.1), heat start (section 3D.8.2), or mass start (section 3D.8.3).

To determine which start configuration to use, read the following rules from top to bottom. Once you have an outcome, disregard the remaining rules.

If this is an “Individual Time Trial” format race, use individual start.
If the course is too narrow to allow for racers to safely and fairly start in heats, use individual start.
If you cannot safely start five or more riders across, use individual start.
If the starting field consists of 30 riders or less, use a mass start.
If the course does not allow for ten riders to ride abreast for at least 500 meters before the course narrows, use heats of 12 or more riders.
If the starting field consists of more than 100 riders, use heats of 20 or more riders.
In all other cases, use a mass start.

Unlimited racers should start first, unless there is no risk that Unlimited riders have to pass Standard riders (for example they race on different days).

In the sections below, “fastest rider” means “fastest rider by seed time.” Seed time is defined as an estimated finish time, preferably based on past performance in similar event(s). If no seed time is submitted by the rider or their coach, the organization can assign a seed time.

3D.8.1 Individual Start

Each rider is individually started at a fixed time interval, such as every 20 or 30 seconds. Riders are sorted by speed with the fastest rider going first. (Except in the case of an Individual Time Trial, where the race can start with either the fastest or slowest rider.)

3D.8.2 Wave Start

A wave start is a start where a smaller group of competitors start the race together. This type of start is commonly used in fixed distance races (e.g. 10km or Marathon) when a mass start is not feasible due to space limitations.
The various classes may share the race course, but Standard racers should always start separately from Unlimited racers.
Waves should consist of at least 12 riders, either men or women (no mixed heats). Waves may vary in size. Waves are sorted by speed with the fastest wave going first. The first wave should be devoted to the fastest men, and the second wave to the fastest women. These waves must be single-gender. The top men and the top women must have equivalent racing conditions. The following waves should be sorted by speed. The time intervals between waves 1, 2, and 3 should be set up such that following waves have the least chance of interfering with the top men and women riders. In all cases, the minimum time interval between two waves is 1 minute.

3D.8.3 Mass Start

A mass start is a grouped start where all participants start the race together. This type of start is commonly used for long-distance races (marathon or longer free distance road races).
The organizer may choose to separate the starts based on class and gender, allowing for up to four separate starts, resulting in three possible configurations:
1. Standard and Unlimited start together, all genders combined (1 start) (not suitable for road races at UNICON),
2. Standard and Unlimited start separately, all genders combined (2 starts),
3. Standard and Unlimited start separately, with men and women also starting separately (4 starts).
In any case the starting order on the line may be determined based on seed times or other criteria set by the organizer.

3D.9 Timing, Photo Finish

The use of Fully Automatic Timing and Photo Finish Systems or Transponder Timing Systems that fulfill the specified criteria are permitted for timekeeping in road races at IUF sanctioned events. For other competitions, these are highly recommended, but Hand Timing that fulfills the specified criteria is also allowed here.
The use of Fully Automatic Timing and Photo Finish Systems is permitted, provided they meet the criteria set out in Rule 2D.8 and are operated accordingly.
The use of Transponder Timing Systems is permitted, provided that:
1. None of the equipment used at the start, on the course or at the finish line is a significant obstacle to the progress of a rider.
2. The weight of the transponder and its housing carried or worn by the rider is not significant.
3. The System is started by the start signal.
4. The System requires no action by a rider during the competition, at the finish or at any stage in the result processing.
The use of Hand Timing is permitted, provided that:
1. Timekeepers are in line with the finish and all have a good view of the finish line.
2. Timekeepers use manually operated electronic timers with digital readouts. All such timing devices are termed “watches” for the purpose of the Rules.
3. The time is taken from the start signal.
4. Two official Timekeepers time the winner of every event and any performance for record purposes.
5. Each Timekeeper acts independently and without showing their watch to, or discussing their time with, any other person.
6. The time measurement must be carried out with a resolution of at least 1/10 of a second, unless the measurement system ensures that the times are always given to at least the next longer full second. Unless the time is an exact full second, the time will be converted to the next longer full second. If the measuring system only displays full seconds and it cannot be ensured that this is the next longer full second, one second must be added to the displayed time. If two watches are prescribed and, after converting as indicated above and two watches are prescribed, the two watches disagree, the longer time will be official.
For all times to be official, unless the measured time is an exact whole second, the time shall be converted and recorded to the next longer whole second, e.g. 1:33:47.153, the official time is recorded as 1:33:48. All official times must be determined considdering paragraph 6 and 7 where required.
The placing order must be determined at the finishing moment in accordance with rule 3B.5.8. It is recommended that Judges and/or video recording(s) also be provided to assist in determining the finishing order and the identification of riders. For all road races at IUF sanctioned events, a Photo Finish System according to paragraph 3 or a video recording perpendicular to the finish line must be available to determine the placings.
If a reliable deternmination of the finishing order between competitors is not possible, the competitors must be ranked equally and assigned the same official time.
Only official times will be published.
When two competitors have the same official time and the placing is determined based on the actual finishing order, the result list should indicate if a Photo Finish System was used or not (e.g., “Photo Finish: +0.03” or “Timekeeper Decision”).

3D.10 Optional Race-End Cut-Off Time

It may be necessary to have a maximum time limit for long races, to keep events on schedule. When this is planned in advance, it must be advertised as early as possible, so attending riders will know of the limit. Additionally, at the discretion of the Racing Director, a race cut-off time may be set on the day of or during an event. The purpose of this is to allow things to move on if all but a few slow racers are still on the course. These cut-offs need not be announced in advance. At the cut-off time, any racers who have not finished will be listed as incomplete (no time recorded, or same cut-off time recorded for all). Optionally, if there is no more than one person on the course per age category and awards are at stake, they can be given the last place in the finishing order. But if each participating age category has had finishers for all available awards (no awards at stake), there is no need to wait.

3D.11 Lead Vehicle

A lead vehicle is used to guide the front of the race, provide visibility, and ensure safety, especially in races held on open roads.
Its use is recommended for all open-road races, except time trials.
The lead vehicle must stay approximately 50 to 100 meters ahead of the leading unicyclist, without interfering with the race or providing a drafting advantage. It must be fast and maneuverable enough to stay ahead throughout the race.
A two-wheeled vehicle is preferred. This may be a motorcycle, an e-bike, or a fit elite cyclist capable of riding faster than the leading unicyclist. The use of a car is discouraged due to its width and the larger slipstream it creates.
It should be clearly marked and easily identifiable by both competitors and marshals.
The operator should be in contact with race officials to report hazards or incidents on the course.
If no lead vehicle is feasible, alternative safety measures must be put in place.

3D.12 Race Distances and Distance Measurement

3D.12.1 Distance Measurement for Fixed Distance Races

For fixed-distance races, the course must be measured accurately along a path 30 cm from the kerb or other solid boundaries to the riding surface, to ensure that the measured distance is at least equal to the advertised distance.
1. When ever possible an official measurement must be carried out before the race. For this the course distance must be measured using a Jones Counter, following the official IAAF recommendations or an equivalent method offering comparable accuracy. This measurement ensures the validity of the results and the potential recognition of records.
2. If an official measurement before the race is not feasible, a simplified method using a Jones Counter may be used. This method maintains a high level of accuracy and ensures a conservative measurement by applying a correction factor of 1.003. No records can be recognized by this measurement.
If the simplified method was used before the race, an official measurement must be conducted after the event to validate any potential record.

3D.12.1.1 Simplified method using a Jones Counter

The following equipment is required for measurements using a Jones Counter:
1. A certified Jones Counter, mounted on a bicycle wheel (preferably with a smooth, well-inflated tire).
2. A calibration course: a straight, flat, and stable section of road with a known precise length, ideally between 300 m and 500 m.
3. A certified steel measuring tape of at least 30 meters, used to confirm or verify the exact length of the calibration course.
4. Markers to clearly define the start and end points of the calibration course.
5. A notebook or app to record all measurements.
The simplified method using a Jones Counter consists of three steps, according to i – iii. Calibration and course measurement must be carried out consecutively at a time of day when there is no great variation in temperature.
1. Calibration of the Jones Counter: a critical step
  Calibrating the Jones Counter is essential to ensure the accuracy of all subsequent measurements. This step must be performed meticulously:
  1. Setting up the calibration course: Choose a straight, stable section of road, and confirm its exact length using a steel measuring tape. Ensure that the start and end points are clearly marked and fixed.
  2. Measuring the calibration course: Perform 4 measurements (2 round trips) of the calibration course with the Jones Counter: Ride slowly and steadily along the full length of the course, maintaining a straight line. Record the Jones Counter readings at each end for every pass.
  3. Managing errors: If any reading deviates significantly from the others, it must be discarded. Such errors may arise from deviations in the bicycle’s path or instability. If necessary, repeat the 4 measurements to obtain reliable data.
  4. Calculating the calibration factor (CF): Average the valid readings to determine the calibration factor:
    CF = Average number of Jones Counter counts over 4 measurements / Length of the calibration course in meters
  5. Applying the correction factor: Apply a correction factor of 1.003 to ensure a conservative measurement:
    CFcorrected = CF x 1.003
2. Measuring the course:
  1. Starting point: Position the bicycle equipped with the Jones Counter at the starting point of the course.
  2. Measurement: Ride slowly and steadily along the shortest possible path of the course (the “ideal line”).
  3. Final reading: Record the Jones Counter reading at the finish point.
3. Calculating the measured distance:
  Use the corrected calibration factor to convert the Jones Counter readings into the actual distance:
  Actual distance (m)= Total number of Jones Counter counts over the course / CFcorrected

3D.13 Road Racing Events at Unicon

It is expected that Unicon will have at least three road racing events, of which at least one is a recognized fixed distance event. If only one fixed distance event is held, it should be the 10km.
Note: Examples of road racing events at Unicon include:
– a 10km,
– a Marathon or a longer free distance race with a mass start,
– a Criterium.
A climbing road race may be considered instead of, or in addition to, the Criterium if the location allows for such a course.

Part 3Road: Races